中国收复西南沙群岛70周年纪念活动中英文对照发言(7)

中国拥有南海岛礁主权与海洋权益的关键证据

李国强 社会科学院边疆史地研究中心副主任

　　70年前，中国政府根据《开罗宣言》《波茨坦公告》的精神，收复了西沙、南沙群岛，并在收复之后立碑鸣炮宣示主权，测量绘图明确疆界，留兵戍守实施巡防，设立机构强化管辖，正式命名划定“断续线”，从而在战后国际体系下构建起了“南海秩序”，这个秩序的核心就是以“断续线”的方式明确了中国在南海的主权、管辖权以及海洋权益的范围。这无疑是一次伟大的行动，它既是中国拥有南海诸岛主权和海洋权益历史发展的必然延续和传承，也是战后国际秩序的神圣赋予。

　　尽管某些国家以及南海仲裁案裁决书力图否定中国在南海的主权和相关权利，但大量历史事实无可争辩地证明，中国是南海唯一的主人，南海诸岛是中国固有领土。

　　早在距今两千多年前的秦汉时期，中国人民已经开始在南海开展航行和生产活动，不仅首先发现南海诸岛，而且对南海的地质、水文、潮汐等有了初步认识。东汉杨孚《异物志》中就记载了我国古人以“崎头”来命名南海岛礁，用“涨海”来命名南海。

　　公元6—10世纪的隋唐时期，有大量中国文献如《隋书》、《通典》、《广州通海夷道》等分别记载了我国古人以七洲洋、珊瑚洲、焦石山、象石等名称来命名南海海域或岛礁。

　　到10—13世纪的宋朝，南海诸岛及其海域已经为中国人民所广泛熟知，因此南海岛礁的地名逐渐固定了下来，称之为“石塘”“长沙”。《宋会要》是目前所见把南海岛礁命名为“石塘”的最早历史文献，成书于13世纪初的《琼管志》则首次把南海岛礁分别称为“千里长沙”“万里石塘”。宋元明清时期，“石塘”“长沙”已经成为我国南海诸岛的通用名而被广泛使用，而记载此类名称的各类文献和地图有上百种之多。

　　与此同时，我国对南海诸岛的政府管辖从唐宋开始实施。根据宋代赵汝适《诸蕃志》记载，唐贞元五年(公元789年)，南海诸岛隶属于海南四州军，这是目前所见明确南海诸岛行政归属的最早史料；宋代继续把南海诸岛纳入广南西路琼管吉阳军的管辖范围。

　　宋朝政府对南海诸岛实施管辖的重要方式，就是设置了“水师”。成书于1040年的我国第一部官修兵书《武经总要》，记录了宋太祖在971年建立巡海水师，负责巡管南海海面的情况，从此南海海域纳入到了中国政府海防范围。

　　到14世纪的明朝，中国政府对南海管辖的事实，在文献和地图中仍然屡见不鲜。其中1621年茅元仪所著《武备志》一书中有著名的《郑和航海图》，该图不仅继续把南海诸岛划入我国版图，而且明确标示出南海诸岛归属于广东的行政隶属关系。而类似记载在17世纪之后清朝的官修文献和地图中也大量出现，如1676年《广东通志》、1724年《清直省分图》、1725年《钦定古今图书集成》、1767年《大清万年一统天下全图》、1841年《琼州府志》等等。在1838年严如煜的《洋防辑要》、1842年俞昌会的《防海辑要》等文献中，把南海诸岛纳入海防要地。值得注意的是，1800年印制的《清绘府州县厅总图》和1904年发行的《大清天下中华各省州县厅地理全图》，分别用红色长方形图例和双线方格形图例，来表示南海诸岛是广东省所属的府一级行政单位。

　　事实上，至明清两代，把南海诸岛纳入海防范围、在南海行使军事守卫的职责，已经形成制度。明朝设立巡海备倭官和海南卫、清朝设立崖州协水师营，先后负责南海海域的军事巡视。这一史实，在明代《广东通志》、《琼山县志》，清代《泉州府志》、《同安县志》、《琼州府志》、《崖州志》等史书中均有清楚记载。

　　1909年广东水师提督李准奉命前往西沙群岛巡视，是有清一代在南海诸岛行使主权管辖的重要实践。

　　明清时期，中国人民经营开发和平利用南海的一个重要证据，就是《更路簿》。《更路簿》是海南渔民在南海开展渔业生产活动的航海指南，目前已发现30多个手抄本，它们真实记录了我国渔民从海南文昌清澜港、琼海潭门港等地出发，前往西沙、南沙海域航行和生产作业的情况，他们共记录生产作业线200条，渔民给西沙、南沙岛礁命名的地名有120个。这一珍贵文献，充分说明我国人民经营开发的范围完全含盖了今天南海诸岛中的主要岛礁和海域，充分说明西沙和南沙海域是我国人民世世代代生产经营的传统渔场，充分表明中国在南海享有历史性权利。

　　大量考古发现，是中国人民开发经营南海的重要佐证。20世纪70年代以来，我国国家文物局及广东、海南的文物部门先后组织了多次考古调查和挖掘，在西沙南沙群岛部分岛礁及其海域发现了不同历史时期的大量遗迹、遗物，包括陶器、瓷器、铜器、铁器、石器、钱币、象牙、石雕以及各类庙宇、墓碑，水井、茅屋、石碑等等，这些遗迹遗物折射出中国人民开拓南海、开发南海、经营南海的完整历史过程，南海由此成为中国渔民名副其实的“祖宗海”，同时为历代中国政府治理南海、管辖南海奠定了社会基础。

　　至今保存在大陆和台湾的民国政府档案，清晰地记录了近代中国政府对南海诸岛所实施的管辖。

　　比如：1933年法国殖民者侵占南沙岛礁，制造了“九小岛事件”。这一非法行为引起中国政府及社会各界的强烈反对和抵制。1933年7月26日国民政府外交部致电法国政府提出严重抗议，指出南沙群岛“仅有我(国)渔人居留岛上，在国际间确认中国领土”。

　　再比如：1934年12月和1935年3月，内政部水陆地图审查委员会先后召开第25次会议和第29次会议，专题研究南海岛礁名称和地图刊布问题，并分别在1935年1月和4月公布了“我国南海诸岛各岛屿中英文地名对照表”和《中国南海各岛屿图》，这是中国政府首次对南海诸岛进行官方性质的“标准化”命名、首次出版具有官方性质的南海专项地图。

　　二战后，我国政府接收和恢复西沙、南沙群岛主权，有完整的档案记录。根据民国政府档案，1946年9月2日，结果内政、外交、国防三部会商后，以国民政府的名义发布了收复西南沙群岛的训令。在完成接收工作后的1947年2月28日，国民政府发布了完成接收公报。1947年国民政府内政部给广东省政府的函件中，明确指出我国南海领土范围最南至曾母滩；西南沙群岛主权之公布由内政部命名后，公告全国；同时指示由海军总司令部将各群岛所属各岛尽可能予以进驻。1947年11月国民政府再次审定南海诸岛及其所属各岛礁沙滩名称，并于12月1日公布了“南海诸岛新旧地名对照表”。至1948年2月内政部还公布了《南海诸岛位置图》，完整标示了南海诸岛名称和断续线。

　　历史文献和地图、政府档案和考古资料，为我们论证南海诸岛主权和海洋权益提供了大量关键证据，这些历史证据不仅具有多样性、官方性和权威性，而且呈现出连贯性、稳定性和继承性。而这样的历史证据，是任何一个周边国家不具备的。事实表明，中国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有主权和海洋权益的有效性和合法性，来源于两千多年的经营和治理，在漫长的历史发展过程中，没有任何一个国家对中国提出异议。而中国两千多年对南海的经营和治理，完全符合国际法关于国家领土取得的若干基本原则。

　　由此可见，中国拥有南海诸岛及其附近海域主权和海洋权益的历史事实是确凿的，历史脉络是清晰的，历史依据是充分的，历史地位是合法的，是任何人无法抹杀的。

　　Key Evidence of China Having Sovereignty and Maritime Rights of the Islands and Reefs in the South China Sea

　　Li Guoqiang

　　Deputy Director of Research Center for Chinese Borderland History and Geography, CASS

　　70 years ago, according to the spirits of “the Cairo Declaration”， and “the Potsdam Proclamation”， the Chinese government recovered the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands. Some monuments were established and several guns were fired to claim sovereignty. After that, the Chinese government defined the maritime borders by surveying and mapping, deployed troops to garrison and patrol the islands, set up government organizations to strengthen administration, and officially named and defined “the Nine-dotted line”. Therefore, in the post-war international order, the Chinese government established “the South China Sea Order”. The core of this order is that China’s sovereignty, jurisdiction, and maritime rights of the South China Sea are clearly defined by “the Nine-dotted line”. This was no doubt a great action. It was an inevitable continuation and inheritance of history development that China had sovereignty and maritime rights of the islands in the South China Sea. And this right is conferred by the post-war international order。

　　Although some countries and the South China Sea arbitration case try to deny China’s sovereignty and relevant rights of the South China Sea, plenty of historical facts indisputably prove that China is the only owner of the South China Sea, and the islands in the South China Sea are China’s inherent territories。

　　Over two thousand years ago, during the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, the Chinese people already started to navigate and work in the South China Sea. They not only first discovered the islands in the South China Sea, but also got the preliminary knowledge of the geology, the hydrology, and the tide, etc. of the South China Sea. The “Yi Wuzhi”， which was written by Yang Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, recorded that our ancient people used “Qitou” to name the islands and reefs in the South China Sea, and “Zhanghai” to name the South China Sea。

　　During the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, from 600 A.D. to 1000 A.D., there were plenty of Chinese documents, such as “Book of Sui”， “Tongdian”， and “Sea Routes from Guangzhou to Foreign Countries”， etc. which respectively recorded that our ancient people used “Qi Zhouyang”， “Shan Huzhou”， “Jiao Shishan”， and “Xiang Shi”， etc. to name the sea areas, islands and reefs in the South China Sea。

　　During the Song Dynasty, from 1000 A.D. to 1300 A.D., the Chinese people already got familiar with the islands and the sea areas in the South China Sea; therefore, the names of the islands and reefs in the South China Sea were gradually fixed, which were called “Shi Tang”， and “Changsha”. At present, “Song Huiyao” is the earliest historical document ever seen, which named the islands and reefs in the South China Sea as “Shitang”. “Qiong Guanzhi”， which was written in the 13th century, first named the islands and reefs in the South China Sea as “Qian Lichangsha”， and “Wan Lishitang”. During the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and Qing Dynasty, “Shitang”， and “Changsha” already became common names of the islands in the South China Sea, and were widely used. And there were various documents and maps recording these names, which amounted to hundreds of times。

　　Meanwhile, since the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, our country started the government administration of the islands in the South China Sea. According to the record of “Zhu Fanzhi” which was written by Zhao Rushi of the Song Dynasty, in 789 A.D. (the fifth year of Zhen Yuan of the Tang Dynasty)， the islands in the South China Sea were under the jurisdiction of Si Zhoujun of Hainan. This is the earliest historical document ever seen, which clearly defined the administrative jurisdiction of the islands in the South China Sea. During Song Dynasty, the islands in the South China Sea were continually under the jurisdiction scope of Guangnan Xi Lu Qiong Guan Ji Yang Jun。

　　The most important measure for the Song government to administer the islands in the South China Sea was the establishment of the ancient navy. Our country’s first official military book, “Wu Jing Zong Yao”， was written in 1040. It recorded that Emperor Taizong of Song established the ancient patrol navy in 971 A.D., which was responsible for patrolling and managing the South China Sea. Since then, the sea areas in the South China Sea were within the coastal defense range of the Chinese government。

　　During the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, the facts that the South China Sea were under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government were still quite common in the documents and maps. The very famous “Navigation Map of Zheng He” was from the book “Wu Beizhi”， which was written by Mao Yuanyi in 1621. This map not only continued to incorporate the islands in the South China Sea into our country’s map, but also clearly marked that the islands in the South China Sea were under the jurisdiction of Guangdong. And similar records also appeared in plenty of official documents and maps of the Qing Dynasty after the 17th century, such as “General Records of Guangdong” of 1676, “Maps of Qing Zhi Sheng Fen” of 1724, “Qin Ding Gu Jin Tu Shu Ji Cheng (Book Collections Made under Imperial Orders )” of 1725, “Da Qing Wan Nian Yi Tong Tian Xia Quan Tu (Complete map of the Qing Dynasty)” of 1767, and “Qiong Zhou Fu Zhi (Records of Qingzhou Government)” of 1841, etc. In “Yang Fang Ji Yao (Summary of Maritime Defense)” written by Yan Ruyi in 1838, and “Fang Hai Ji Yao (Summary of Coastal Defense)” written by Yu Changhui, the islands in the South China Sea were ranked as strategic points of coastal defense. It is worth noticing that the “Qing Hui Fu Zhou Xian Ting Zong Tu (General Maps of Regional and Local Governments Drawn by the Qing Government)” printed in 1800, and “Da Qing Tian Xia Zhong Hua Ge Sheng Zhou Xian Ting Di Li Quan Tu (General Geological Map of the Qing Dynasty)” published in 1904, respectively used red square legends and double-line square basket legends to indicate that the islands in the South China Sea were one administrative unit at Fu level under the jurisdiction of Guangdong province。

　　In fact, during the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, it was already an established system for the government to incorporate the islands in the South China Sea into coastal defense range, and exercise military duties and rights in the South China Sea. The Sea Area Patrol Officer and the Hainan Safeguard were established in the Ming Dynasty. The Ya Zhou Ancient Navy Camp was established in the Qing Dynasty, which was responsible for the military patrol of the sea areas in the South China Sea. This historical fact was clearly recorded in the history books, such as “General Records of Guangdong”， and “Records of Qiongshan County” of the Ming Dynasty, “Records of Quanzhou Government”， “Records of Tong’an County”， “Records of Qiongzhou Government”， and “Records of Yazhou” of the Qing Dynasty。

　　In 1909, Li Zhun, the ancient navy commander of Guangdong, was ordered to patrol the Xisha Islands. This was an important practice that the Qing government exercised sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea。

　　During the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the important evidence was the “Geng Lu Bu”， which was able to prove that the Chinese people managed, developed and utilized the South China Sea. The “Geng Lu Bu” was a navigation guidebook, which was used by the fishermen of the South China Sea to facilitate their fishing activity in that sea area. Up to now, more than 30 manuscripts of the “Geng Lu Bu” are discovered. These books record that our fishermen departed from Qinglan port in Wenchang of Hainan, and Tanmen port in Qionghai, etc., and went to the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands for navigation and production activity. And they altogether recorded more than 200 operational lines, and the fishermen named 120 reefs and islands in the South China Sea. This precious document fully shows that the areas, which are managed and developed by our people, have completely covered the major islands and reefs, and sea areas of the South China Sea today. This precious document fully shows that the sea areas around the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands are our traditional fishing grounds which are managed and utilized by our country and people from generation to generation. This also fully shows that China is entitled to the historical rights in the South China Sea。

　　Plenty of archaeological discoveries are important proofs to show that the Chinese people have developed and managed the South China Sea. Since the 1970s, our State Bureau of Cultural Relics, and the cultural relics departments of Guangdong and Hainan successively organized archaeological investigation and excavation for many times, and they discovered a lot of historical traces and remains of different historical periods, which included potteries, porcelains, copper wares, ironwares, stonewares, coins, ivories, stone carvings, and various kinds of temples, tombstones, wells, thatched cottages, and stone tablets, etc. These historical traces and remains reflect the complete historical process that the Chinese people have explored, developed, and managed the South China Sea. Therefore, the South China Sea lives up to the name of “the sea of the Chinese people’s forefathers”. This historical process also has laid the social foundation for the successive Chinese governments to govern and administer the South China Sea。

　　Up to now, the archives of the Nationalist Government, which are kept in the main land and Taiwan, clearly record the modern Chinese government’s administration of the islands in the South China Sea。

　　Such as, in 1933, the French colonists occupied the islands and reefs in the South China Sea, and provoked the “Nine Island Event”. This illegal action caused strong opposition and boycott from the Chinese government and all social communities. On July 26, 1933, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nationalist Government sent a telegram to the French government to lodge a serious protest, and pointed out that “there are only Chinese fishermen living on the Nansha Islands, and the Chinese territory is clearly defined。”

　　Another example, in December, 1934 and March, 1935, the Land and Maritime Map Review Committee successively convened the No. 25th and the No. 29th meeting, and specially studied the names and mapping of the islands in the South China Sea. And in January and April, the committee promulgated “the Chinese-English Geographic Names Comparison Table of the Islands in the South China Sea” and “The Maps of the Islands in the South China Sea”. This was the first time for China to officially “standardize” the names of the islands in the South China Sea, and publish special maps of the islands in the South China Sea。

　　After the WWII, our government took over and recovered the sovereignty of the Xisha Islands, and the Nansha Islands, and kept complete records of the process. On September 2, 1946, after the discussion of the Interior Ministry, the Foreign Affairs Ministry, and the Defense Ministry, the instructions for recovering the Xisha Islands, and the Nansha Islands were promulgated on behalf of the Nationalist Government. On February 28, 1947, after the receiving work, the Nationalist Government promulgated an official report to publicize the completion of the receiving work. In 1947, in an official letter from the Interior Ministry of the Nationalist Government to the provincial government of Guangdong, it clearly pointed out that our territory range in the South China Sea reached to Zengmu Reef; after the Interior Ministry naming the islands, the sovereignty of the Xisha Islands would be made known to the national public; meanwhile, it indicated that the General Headquarters of the Navy should send as much troops as possible to garrison each islands. In November 1947, the Nationalist Government reexamined and approved the names of the islands and reefs in the South China Sea, and promulgated “The Old and New Geographic Names Comparison Table of the Islands in the South China Sea”. In February 1948, the Interior Ministry promulgated “The Location Map of the Islands in the South China Sea”， which completely marked the names of the islands in the South China Sea and the Nine-dotted line。

　　The historical documents and maps, government archives and archeological data provide us with plenty of key evidence to demonstrate our sovereignty and maritime rights of the islands in the South China Sea. These pieces of historical evidence are not only diverse, official, and authoritative, but also coherent, stable and inheritable. And this kind of historical evidence is not possessed by any neighboring countries. The facts show that China’s sovereignty and maritime rights of the islands in the South China Sea, and their nearby sea areas, is effective and legal, which is originated from more than two thousand years of management and administration. In the process of the long history development, there is no country to raise any objection against China on the issue. And more than two thousand years of management and administration of the islands in the South China Sea by China completely confirm to the basic principles of the international law concerning the obtaining of national territory。

　　Therefore, the historical facts are valid that China has sovereignty and maritime rights of the islands in the South China Sea and their nearby sea areas. The historical trace is clear, the historical evidence is sufficient, and the historical status is legal. Therefore, nobody can deny this fact。